Heinrich Max Krause was born in Biesdorf in Germany in 1861, to Franz Emile Hermann Krause (1836–1900), a landscape artist, and Johann Henrietta Amelia Stock, daughter of another German painter, J. F. A. Stock. The family moved to the UK and settled in Lancashire, where the 1881 census shows the 20-year-old Max living at 28 Bignor Street, Cheetham, Prestwich, with his parents and five siblings. He and his artist brother, Emil Albert Krause, were both taught by their father. In 1916 anti-German feeling prompted Emil Albert to change his name by deed poll to Emil Albert Stock; he is often also wrongly called Emil Axel owing to confusion with a Danish artist.